What is a hybrid energy system in Antarctica?

Many national Antarctic programmes (NAPs) have adopted hybrid systems combining fossil fuels and renewable energy sources, with a preference for solar or wind depending on the specific location of the research station and previous experiences with certain technologies.

Can solar energy be used in Antarctica?

Solar energy has also become prevalent in Antarctic operations in the last decade. This type of energy was mainly introduced either to complement wind energy or in summer bases, summer shelters and on expedition equipment that can be powered by solar energy (radios, very-high-frequency (VHF) repeaters).

Are Antarctica's research stations using wind to generate electricity?

Wind-energy use is becoming increasingly prevalent at Antarctica’s research stations. The present study identified more than ten research stations that have been using wind to generate electricity. The installed wind capacity, as identified by the study, is nearly 1500 kW of installed capacity.

Why is energy security important in Antarctica?

Energy security is vital for research stations in the Antarctic. Energy is required to support essential needs, such as heating, fresh-water supply, and electricity, which are critical for survival under harsh environmental conditions .

Are there alternative energy sources in Antarctica?

Interest in alternative energy sources in Antarctica has increased since the beginning of the 1990s [1, 6]. In 1991, a wind turbine was installed at the German Neumayer Station . One year later, in 1992, NASA and the US Antarctic Program tested a photovoltaic (PV) installation for a field camp .

What is the energy demand in Antarctica during winter?

Overall, it can be seen that during the Antarctic winter the energy demand is highest, even when the population of a station is the lowest. The energy demand for Jang Bogo Station and King Sejong Station is shown in Figure 4 as primary fuel demand. Figure 4.